New research has delivered unsettling news for millions of people who rely on proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) to manage chronic acid reflux. According to a recent study, taking these medications over long periods may raise the risk of developing dementia by as much as 33%. While the findings highlight a potential link rather than definitive proof, they add to a growing list of concerns surrounding the extended use of PPIs — drugs already tied to increased risks of kidney disease, infections, and even stroke.

For many, these medications offer essential relief. But experts warn that ignoring possible long-term effects could be a mistake.

Acid reflux is more common than most people realize. The condition occurs when stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, often after eating or while lying down. Heartburn is the most recognizable symptom, but chronic reflux can lead to far more serious problems, including ulcers and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) reports that nearly one in five Americans live with GERD. Across the UK, more than 40% of people report ongoing heartburn. When left untreated, GERD can increase the risk of esophageal cancer and other long-term complications.

To control these symptoms, many turn to PPIs such as omeprazole, lansoprazole, and esomeprazole. These medications work by reducing acid production at the source: they block an enzyme in the stomach lining responsible for generating acid. With fewer acid attacks, the esophagus has a chance to heal, making PPIs one of the most widely used treatments for reflux worldwide.