A central argument being used to challenge prosecutions brought against individuals aligned with former President Donald Trump will face its first significant test in court on Wednesday. Former FBI Director James Comey is expected to ask a judge to dismiss the charges against him, asserting that he is the target of a selective and vindictive prosecution by the Trump Justice Department.

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U.S. District Judge Michael Nachmanoff will determine whether Comey was improperly singled out for prosecution and whether the charges against him should be dismissed, The Hill reported.

Comey, a vocal critic of the president since Trump fired him early in his first administration, argues that Trump’s “personal spite” motivated the two-count indictment related to his 2020 congressional testimony. The charges were filed just days before the statute of limitations was set to expire.Comey has been charged with making a false statement to Congress and obstructing a congressional proceeding.

“The circumstances of the charging decision in this case — a last-minute retaliatory charge after a torrent of personal invective by a President who expressly sought charges regardless of the facts — warrant dismissal with prejudice on both vindictive and selective prosecution grounds,” noted his lawyers in a motion that was filed in October.Comey cited a 60-page compilation of public clashes between himself and Trump, including media statements and online posts spanning nearly a decade.

The Justice Department has urged Judge Nachmanoff to deny Comey’s request, arguing that granting the motion could hinder a fundamental executive function. In their response, prosecutors asserted that Comey relied on news articles, social media posts, and conjecture to “weave a tale” of constitutional violations.

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Selective and vindictive prosecution claims — two distinct but related legal defenses — are generally difficult for defendants to prove, largely because prosecutors are granted wide discretion in deciding whom to charge. To succeed on a selective prosecution claim, a defendant must show that they were treated differently from others in similar circumstances and that the government’s decision to prosecute was based on an improper factor such as race, religion, or constitutionally protected activity — in Comey’s case, his speech.

A vindictive prosecution claim requires a defendant to demonstrate that the government acted with “genuine animus” and would not have pursued charges absent that hostility.